Research on the connection between cannabis consumption and testicular cancer remains mixed, with some studies reporting a possible causal correlation between long-term or frequent usage, and others not finding any link.

The relationship between cannabis consumption — either orally by smoking — is complex and involves variables like the frequency, duration, and intensity of use. The methods of studying a possible link have also varied, which may explain the contradictory findings.

Most researchers agree that more large-scale, high-quality studies are necessary to better understand any potential link between cannabis consumption and testicular cancer.

There are two types of testicular cancer, testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) and non-germ cell tumors (NSGCT). There are two main subtypes of TGCT, seminoma and nonseminoma.

Research has explored the connection between long-term cannabis use and its potential impact on the endocrine and reproductive systems, particularly regarding TGCTs.

Key Terms

Nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumors (NSGCTs) are a type of testicular cancer that arises from germ cells, which produce sperm. They are classified based on their cell types, which include embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, teratoma, and mixed germ cell tumors. Treating TGCTs often involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation therapy, depending on the stage and characteristics of the tumor.

A few studies have suggested a link between cannabis use and a higher risk of TGCTs, particularly nonseminoma or mixed-histology tumors.

The researchers of one 2021 study reported that chemical components of cannabis, including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabigerol (CBG), pose a different degree of risk for testicular cancer across various ethnicities. In the study, white Americans who used cannabis had a four-times-higher risk of testicular cancer compared to African Americans who used cannabis.

Higher cannabis use was associated with a greater risk of cancer. The study said that the legalization of cannabis has increased this risk.

A 2022 study, authored by the same researcher as the 2021 study above, suggests a possible causal connection between cannabis exposure and testicular cancer rates. Specifically, this study reported that cannabis-friendly state laws could lead to the growth of nationwide testicular cancer rates.

An older 2017 study of data on Swedish military conscripts between 1969 and 1971 who reported using cannabis also said that those who used cannabis had a higher likelihood of developing testicular cancer over more than 40 years of monitoring. Those who self-reported using higher amounts or more frequently were associated with higher incidence of testicular cancer.

However, these studies could not accurately assess the amount, frequency, and duration for which the participants used cannabis.

The researchers of the 2017 study noted that despite their findings, there is still a lack of clear evidence showing a direct relationship between the amount of cannabis used and the risk of testicular cancer.

The relationship between the amount of cannabis used and the response or effect it produces is necessary to make a strong case for a causal connection between cannabis use and testicular cancer, the researchers said.

A 2019 review of studies concluded that there is insufficient evidence to determine the overall association between cannabis use and testicular cancer development. The study found “low-strength evidence” suggesting an association between cannabis use and TGCTs, but no sufficient evidence regarding other types of testicular cancers.

Experts largely agree that studies with more participants are needed to better understand whether there’s a relationship between the two.

It’s possible that some of the components of cannabis can contribute to an increased risk of getting testicular cancer, but a definitive connection has not yet been found. The topic is complex because of several variables like the amount and frequency of usage.

If you’re concerned about your risks posed by cannabis use, it’s best to consult with a medical professional about your specific circumstances.